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Identity cleansing
Identity cleansing is defined as "confiscation of personal identification, passports, and other such documents in order to make it difficult or impossible for those driven out to return".〔(Sustainable development in crisis conditions, by Phillip J. Cooper, Claudia María Vargas )〕
==Kosovo Albanians example==
Expelled Kosovar Albanians were systematically stripped of identity and property documents including passports, land titles, automobile license plates, identity cards and other documents.〔(Human geography in action, by Michael Kuby, John Harner, Patricia Gober )〕 In conjunction with the policy of expelling ethnic Albanians from the province — "Operation Horseshoe," as it came to be known — the Serbian forces would confiscate all documents that indicated the identity of those being expelled. Physicians for Human Rights reports that nearly 60 percent of respondents to its survey observed Serbian forces removing or destroying personal identification documents.〔(Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo: An Accounting )〕 Human Rights Watch also documented the common practice of "identity cleansing": refugees expelled toward Albania were frequently stripped of their identity documents and forced to remove the license plates from their vehicles.〔(Under orders: war crimes in Kosovo )〕 This criminal practice suggesting the government was trying to block their return.〔
In addition to confiscating the relevant documents from their holders, efforts were also made to destroy any actual birth records (and other archives) which were maintained by governmental agencies, so as to make the "cleansing" complete〔(Human Rights Practices - 2002 ) 〕 (this latter tactic sometimes being referred to as "archival cleansing"〔(Libricide: the regime-sponsored destruction of books and libraries in the twentieth century, by Rebecca Knuth )〕).
This practice received worldwide condemnation, and evidence of it has been brought at the war crimes trials held at The Hague after the situation in Kosovo was stabilized following the NATO bombing of Serbia and the subsequent collapse of its nationalist government. Despite difficulties due to Serbian "identity cleansing", UNMIK and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe registered 1.3 million voters until the October 2002 municipal elections.〔(Joint committee print, Volume 1, by United States. Dept. of State, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States. Congress. )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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